Cecilia Brandt-Kowalski

Fewer injections come with trade-offs in needle size and drug stability.

Nanoparticles hijack the brain barrier's own transport systems to deliver peptide drugs.

FDA lacks unified standards for proving drugs reach the brain via nasal delivery.

Trial data shows GLP-1 drugs reduce heart risk in type 1 diabetes.

Brain GLP-1 receptors span reward, appetite, and cognition circuitry, reshaping how the drugs work.

Every stabilizing trick introduces new failure modes that complicate drug development elsewhere.

Most patients stop GLP-1 injections within a year, often before reaching effective doses.